The Navy Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) Naval Armory at the University of North Carolina (UNC) in Chapel Hill is significant at the local level under Criterion A in the area of Military and Education. Designed in the Colonial Revival style as a “temporary” structure by Archie Royal Davis, a prominent Durham architect, and built by local contractors R. K. Stewart and Son, the NROTC Armory opened in January 1943. Replete with a large drill hall, a mezzanine featuring a replica of a ship’s bridge deck, and a firing range in the basement, the NROTC Armory not only served as the primary training space for NROTC students at UNC Chapel Hill, but it was also used as a social space throughout the war years. With the end of World War II, many of the separate Navy Pre-Flight and V-12 facilities at UNC Chapel Hill were either abandoned or adapted for other uses, and the NROTC Armory became the home for UNC Chapel Hill’s various ROTC programs throughout the remainder of the 20th century. The facility was also the target of anti-war protests during the 1960s and 1970s.

The NROTC Naval Armory at Chapel Hill, NC, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on February 7, 2024.

The Blue Ridge Tourist Court is significant at the local level under Criterion A in the area of entertainment/recreation for its association with mid-century tourism and roadside lodging in Boone and Watauga County at the beginning of the region’s transformation into a tourist hub. The period of significance is 1950 to 1970, representing the core period of the property’s use as a true roadside tourist court and motel under management first by the Wagner family (1950-1956), then by the Rice family (1956-1970).

The Blue Ridge Tourist Court is also significant at the local level under Criterion B for its association with Estel G. Wagner, a mid-century developer and real estate magnate who is believed to have been Boone’s first real estate broker and who played a major role in the development of Boone’s mid-century tourism trade. Wagner built the L-shaped Blue Ridge Tourist Court building and the native stone Office building in 1950, then added the Annex/Duplex in 1951, the Garage Apartment in either late 1951 or early 1952, and the Motel building in late 1953 or early 1954. Wagner held the property until its sale in 1956. Wagner played a highly significant role in the development of Boone’s mid-twentieth century tourism trade, serving in leadership roles with the Rotary Club and Boone Chamber of Commerce shortly after his arrival in Boone in 1949. His efforts as a member of the building committee for the Daniel Boone Amphitheatre (where Horn in the West continues to be staged) and his marketing of the Blue Ridge Tourist Court as the gathering spot for such diverse events as tourism photographer tours and the North Carolina Writers Conference only underscore his vision for linking roadside accommodations to the act of tourism itself. Wagner was also a visionary in land development, producing two mid-twentieth century Boone subdivisions, and played a major role well into the 1970s as a financial partner in other tourism attractions such as the Boone Golf Club and the Polar Palace. He also constructed several 1950s infill properties in downtown Boone and was one of the partners behind the Cabana Motel, a popular 1960s accommodation on Blowing Rock Road. The Blue Ridge Tourist Court is the earliest and most obvious surviving representation of Estel G. Wagner’s powerful influence on Boone’s tourism trade during the mid-twentieth century.

Five resources at the Blue Ridge Tourist Court—the Tourist Court building, the Office, the Annex, the Garage Apartment, and the Motel—were designated as a Local Historic Landmark by the Town of Boone on August 19, 2021. The entire complex, including the residence, is also under consideration for listing in the National Register of Historic Places by the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (December 2021).

The Blue Ridge Tourist Court was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 18, 2023.

Plane Hill is significant at the local level under a long list of criteria covering its extremely varied and complicated history between 1817—when the house was built—and 1947—when the Charlotte Thompson School ceased operation in the main house. First, Plane Hill is significant under Criterion A for its role as a rural, modern, consolidated school in Kershaw County from 1923-1947, when its conversion to a school helped the Swift Creek community heal from a devastating tragedy that had claimed many of its young schoolchildren.

Plane Hill is also significant at the local level under Criterion B for its association with four individuals of great importance to South Carolina, Kershaw County, and Camden-area history. The first of these individuals, Stephen Decatur Miller, was a major figure in South Carolina politics, serving in the South Carolina Senate, US House of Representatives, and the US Senate, as well as one term as South Carolina Governor. His vituperative arguments for states’ rights are generally regarded as the foundation for later nullification arguments that became the basis for southern secession. He was at the pinnacle of his political influence while living at Plane Hill (1828-1835). The second individual, Mary Boykin Miller Chesnut, was Miller’s eldest daughter and spent the formative years of her childhood (1828-1835) at Plane Hill, which was effectively the only childhood home she ever really knew. While living there, she formed an intense interest in southern politics and sought at an early age to record her family’s history. She went on to spend the last third of her life editing her Civil War-era diary, which is now considered a literary classic. The third individual is Alexander Hamilton Boykin, who acquired Plane Hill at the age of 20 and spent most of his adult life living there when not in military service for the Confederacy as the commander of Boykin’s Rangers, a privately mustered regiment accepted into service early in the war. Boykin was a prominent landholder in Kershaw County and served ten years in the US House of Representatives, as well as several years in the state legislature. The fourth individual is Charlotte de Macklot Thompson, a prominent socialite and philanthropist who used Plane Hill as her winter residence from 1909 to 1923, when she sold the property to the local school district for use as a consolidated school to help modernize local, rural schools. Her largesse was also principally responsible for the building of a new Catholic church at Camden in 1914, during the period of her residence in the vicinity.

Finally, Plane Hill is significant at the local level under Criterion C as an outstanding surviving example of mid-nineteenth century, Greek Revival architecture in southern Kershaw County, as well as for its impressive terraced gardens—generally regarded as the finest in the region and often referred to as The Terraces—that are located to the southeast of the main house at Plane Hill. Both the house and the gardens retain an impressive degree of integrity, despite the multiple owners and varied uses of the property from 1817 to the present.

Plane Hill was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 2022.

The Edwin Cochran Guy House, built in 1916, is significant at the local level under Criterion B for its association with Edwin Cochran Guy (1884-1955), a Newland banker who was also engaged in mining, timber, and railway ventures throughout Avery County. Guy played a critical role in the development of the community of Newland and the transformation of Newland into a bustling commercial and industrial center in the early twentieth century. In addition to his role as cashier, and later president and chairman of the board of directors, of the Avery County Bank, Guy is credited with creating Newland’s first waterworks system and its first power company, chartered as the Newland Light and Power Company in 1920. Guy also played a role in extending power lines from Newland to Montezuma and Linville, providing electricity to those communities for the first time as well.

In addition, the Edwin Cochran Guy House is significant at the local level under Criterion C as an outstanding, well-preserved example of Craftsman-style architecture in both Newland and Avery County. The Edwin Cochran Guy House is far and away the finest example of such architecture within the town of Newland, and there are few, if any, surviving examples within similar communities in Avery County that rival the refinement of the Guy House. A rear addition and other improvements completed circa 1937 further amplified the Guy House’s reputation, under the name “Oakland Heights,” as a home to be visited by luminaries passing through the county.

The Edwin Cochran Guy House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 2021.

Likely completed in 1921, the Harmon School is a one-story, wood-frame building resting on a pier foundation and possesses a hipped, tin roof. Reflecting the Progressive school designs of the late 1910s and early 1920s innovated by the Tuskegee Institute for the Rosenwald schools for black children in the South, the Harmon School, which was a whites-only school, features large, double-hung sash windows on all four sides of the building that dramatically addressed lighting and ventilation concerns of the students and teacher. Also of note is the deeply recessed entry porch with its two entry doors designed to facilitate division of the single schoolroom into a divided space by use of a folding partition between the two halves of the schoolroom. Also on the site is a wood-frame privy that is a reconstruction using some original materials of a privy that had been located at the same site.

The Harmon School displays a remarkably high degree of integrity for an educational property of this type from the period in Wilkes County. It is the only rural, one-room school built during the 1920s and incorporating early Progressive design features that is known to survive in Wilkes County. It is significant under Criterion A for its role as an experiment in transition away from the poor design of most one-room, rural schools in Wilkes County during the early twentieth century, and under Criterion C as a well-preserved exampled of a rural, frame, one-room schoolhouse with partition built in Wilkes County during the 1920s.

The Harmon School was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 2020.

The Chapin Commercial Historic District is comprised of twelve contributing buildings and one contributing structure located along Lexington Avenue, Beaufort Street, and Clark Street in downtown Chapin, South Carolina.

The Chapin Commercial Historic District is significant under Criterion A for its role in the commercial development of Chapin between 1901 and 1969. From 1890, when the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad finally chugged through the tiny town of Chapin for the first time, until 1929, when water began to fill the area behind the brand new Lake Murray Dam, just a few miles to the south, Chapin was a bustling railroad town. Its downtown core flourished with a combination of brick and frame buildings that largely served the businesses that were heavily dependent on the passenger and freight traffic the train brought. However, the flooding of the lake, coupled with the devastating effects of the Great Depression, caused Chapin’s population to nosedive and led to the shuttering of many of its businesses. Recovery came more than a decade later, when increased tourist traffic to the lake renewed Chapin’s downtown business district. With that expansion came new pressures, primarily in the demand for new town services and more centralized local government. As a result, the period from 1940 through 1969 saw Chapin’s downtown revitalized through new, affordable, and mostly functional commercial architecture. This boom continued until the end of the 1960s, when the arrival of new development pressures—in the form of subdivisions and large manufacturing operations—drew residents away from Chapin’s cramped downtown core and out to the strip malls that began to develop along US 76 (Chapin Road), the main highway that passes through Chapin just south of the original downtown core.

The Chapin Commercial Historic District was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 2019.

The Cicero Pennington Farm, built in 1884, contains a main house and five outbuildings—a springhouse, a garden shed, a carriage house/garage/wood shop complex, a granary, and a livestock barn—that were likely built shortly after the house was completed in 1884. The main house of the Cicero Pennington Farm is a stunning, remarkably intact, and highly decorative example of the Folk Victorian style of I-house with a rear ell that was commonly built throughout Ashe County (and more broadly throughout the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia) between 1875 and 1915. Of particular note is its unusual use of ornately carved flat boards as decorative trim on both the exterior and interior of the house, as well as its extensive use of faux bois treatments on doorways and trim throughout the interior of the house. Both the exterior and interior of the house display an unusually high level of decoration in comparison to similar I-houses in Ashe County, perhaps reflecting the remarkably skilled workmanship of its presumed builder, Cicero Pennington (1847-1928).

The Cicero Pennington Farm was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 11, 2018.

The Lawton-Seabrook Cemetery is a walled cemetery containing seven original gravestones for members of the Seabrook and Legaré families of Edisto Island, South Carolina. These markers are attributed to Charleston and Philadelphia carving masters of the late eighteenth and early to mid-nineteenth centuries, with all but one of them connected to famed Charleston stone carver Thomas Walker (1770-1838), his apprentices, and/or their descendants. Several other unmarked graves for the Lawton and Tilly families are believed to be on the site, commemorated by modern (non-contributing) markers. Situated on private land, the cemetery is somewhat rare among Lowcountry family plots, given the survival of its impressive brick perimeter wall and its unusual design, which is also believed to be the work of Thomas Walker, thus illustrating the multifaceted nature of Walker’s workshop as an innovator in both marble funerary art and cemetery architecture and brick masonry.

The Lawton-Seabrook Cemetery was officially listed in the National Register of Historic Places on June 12, 2017.

The Dr. James A. Fulmer House, located near downtown Fountain Inn in lower Greenville County, is a stunning and remarkably intact example of a one-story, brick-veneered, Tudor Revival cottage with Craftsman style windows and interior details. Based on a stock plan originally conceived by the Atlanta-based plan book architect Leila Ross Wilburn, the first known female among the plan book architects of the early twentieth century, the Dr. James A. Fulmer House features a multi-colored brick veneer arranged in various intriguing patterns, a number of windows and other details with Gothic proportions, and numerous interior architectural details that are virtually unchanged since the original construction of the house.

The Dr. James A. Fulmer House was determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places by the South Carolina State Board of Review on July 24, 2015.

The J. C. Richardson House, located at the heart of the Robertville community in upper Jasper County, is significant for its association with James Clarence Richardson, a prominent Hampton County and Jasper County farmer, businessman, inventor, and local/state politician who called this house his home for most of his adult life and ran an important general store for the community on a nearby parcel. In addition, the J. C. Richardson House is significant as a stunning example of a two-story, center hall, Folk Victorian home in rural upper Jasper County, replete with Queen Anne influences, cutaway bay windows, a gorgeous Chinese Chippendale balustrade on both its first and second floor porches, an ornate central hallway with its two-tiered, side-set staircase, and numerous rooms with tongue-and-groove wood ceilings, horizontal tongue-and-groove wood paneling, and decorative mantelpieces, all of which are original to the house or were added during its period of significance.

The J. C. Richardson House was listed in the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service on September 22, 2014.

The original Port Royal School building, constructed in 1911, is a two-story, Colonial Revival, solid concrete block, side-gabled building with prominent exterior chimneys and a four-sided cupola that originally served as a bell tower. Designed by the noted South Carolina architectural firm of Wilson and Sompayrac, the Port Royal School has been renovated on two notable occasions, in 1954 and 1997. A substantial addition was also completed in 2002. In addition, both the 1911 and the 1954 buildings at the Port Royal School reflect their direct association with Port Royal’s uniquely complicated history of racial segregation in the years following the collapse of the Port Royal Experiment initiated during the American Civil War. During the period from 1911 to 1954, the Port Royal School reflected the period’s conflicting approaches to school segregation and separate-but-equal funding of education in the state of South Carolina, including as a recipient of federal Impact Aid construction funds in the early 1950s and as a fixture of white advantage even after Equalization funds were finally expended on behalf of Port Royal’s black students in 1954.

The Port Royal School was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 2014.

The Lawtonville Baptist Church in Estill, South Carolina, was built in 1911-12 by Savannah architect Julian DeBruyn Kops and is a remarkably intact example of an unusual architectural form for a Baptist Church in South Carolina. Built of brick in a Late Gothic Revival design, employing several pronounced Judeo-Christian symbols in its brickwork, and emphasizing the Trinity in various subtle décor elements found both inside and outside the sanctuary, the Lawtonville Baptist Church is a grand architectural testament to the importance of this church to the surrounding community for the past three centuries. The Lawtonville Baptist Church is a brick building with a complex, asphalt-shingle, pavilion roof with projecting gables, dominant stained glass windows, crenellations and merlons, and an intriguing back entrance and bell tower that resembles a castle keep. In 1973, under the guidance of historic restoration architect John C. Lebey, the church completed a remarkably sensitive renovation that enclosed the existing sanctuary entrance to create a rounded front and a rain shelter for arriving and departing congregation members, while also preserving the original appearance of this portion of the façade inside the new addition.

The Lawtonville Baptist Church was listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on October 9, 2012. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Palmetto Theater, built in 1946 by C. L. Freeman, is a stunning example of an intact Art Deco-influenced, Art Moderne theater built for a rural southern town during the mid-twentieth century. Its surviving neon-lit marquee and facade are almost entirely original, and the interior retains several other key features of its original Art Deco influences. Beyond its impressive architectural components, though, the Palmetto Theater was also the center of a pivotal Blue Law controversy in 1950, when local Baptist clergy pushed for the arrest of the Palmetto’s two owners, Dr. James A. Hayne and T. G. “Mutt” Stanley, for permitting screenings on Sundays. Following their arrest, the community engaged in a long-running public debate over the appropriateness of these laws. Ultimately, the Palmetto resumed its Sunday screenings without further consequence, thus confirming the Palmetto’s successful challenge of the law as a watershed moment in the evolution of local social dynamics during the mid-twentieth century.

The Palmetto Theater was listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on October 9, 2012. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Hampton County Jail is a unique surviving example of a small, late nineteenth-century, dual purpose county correctional facility whose architecture reflects various alterations during its one hundred-year history. Perhaps its most unusual feature is its infamous second floor “triple-lockdown” cage complex that originally housed Hampton County’s black male inmates. The Hampton County Jail is notable as a government facility designed and used to enforce the racial segregation policies and inequalities of the American South in its administration of local justice during the period following Reconstruction and well into the twentieth century, as well as for its notoriety in employing South Carolina’s only female jailer (and second female jailer in South Carolina’s history) for a twenty-year period during the mid-twentieth century.

The Hampton County Jail was listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on June 23, 2011. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Union Church of Port Royal, which was built with donated lumber by local citizens in 1877-78 to provide the Port Royal community its only white house of worship at that time, is a remarkable example of vernacular architecture with Italianate flourishes, reflecting the influence of the prevailing architectural trends of its period and of the surrounding buildings in the community. It maintained its de facto segregation status as a white church through the 1950s, a curious counterpoint to the community’s fame as the venue for the Civil War-era Port Royal Experiment, in which occupying white northerners encouraged local black southerners to “practice” self-sufficiency through self-governance and economic independence. A site of community religious services for the entirety of its existence, the Union Church has also served as a theater and, since its 2004 restoration, as a museum and community hall. It remains a center of community life in the Town of Port Royal.

The Union Church of Port Royal was listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on November 17, 2010. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Cedar Grove Lutheran Church, whose congregation was first formed in 1856 by the “Old School Lutherans” who once met at nearby Salem Church, is located in the rural Cedar Grove community of Lexington County. This Gothic Revival building, erected 1926-27, is an outstanding example of early twentieth-century Lutheran sanctuaries in rural South Carolina, even though it can attribute its design to the pen of the renowned North Carolina architect Louis H. Asbury (1877-1975), whose plans were a duplicate of those he had used in the construction of the St. John’s Lutheran Church in Statesville, North Carolina, in 1922.

The Cedar Grove Lutheran Church was listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on November 17, 2010. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Manning Commercial Historic District is a collection of 63 commercial buildings that contributed to the development of downtown Manning between 1890 and 1958. The district incorporates parcels that were part of or immediately adjacent to the original nine-block area defined as Courthouse Square when the city was laid out in 1856. This collection of architecturally significant buildings stands as a remarkable example of the commercial development and evolution of a small southern agricultural center during the first half of the 20th century. Unusual oblique and angled entrances, intriguing decorative cornices and corbeling, and a preponderance of parapeted rooflines give the district a clear and unmistakable association with the architecture typical of the period, and the district includes several architectural gems, including the Levi Building, Alderman’s 20 in One Store, the Clarendon County Courthouse, and the People’s Bank and Trust Building.

Eric was an advisory historical consultant on this nomination, which was officially listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on May 28, 2010. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

Providence United Methodist Church, located in the community of Providence near Holly Hill in Orangeburg County and constructed in 1919-20, is an outstanding and remarkable example of an early twentieth-century sanctuary in rural lower South Carolina. Designed by the renowned architect Charles Coker Wilson, one of the most successful South Carolina architects of the early twentieth century, it is an architecturally stunning example of a sophisticated rural church building from the early twentieth century. In particular, its impressive sanctuary windows, which church members insist were purchased from Louis Comfort Tiffany’s studio at the time of construction, make the church a noteworthy property combining Wilson’s fine church architecture with outstanding examples of early twentieth-century art glass.

Listed in the National Register on September 25, 2009. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The John Lawton House in Estill, South Carolina, was originally built as the new “in-town” home of John Lawton (1830-1908), owner of the nearby plantation Jericho in the old community of Lawtonville, and its construction was completed in 1908. In 1913, the house became the venue for one of the twelve annual meetings of the Estill Wednesday Afternoon Book Club (now the Estill Book Club), a private literary club that has met continuously for the past 95 years in this small community. Originally built in the Classical Revival style, with a dramatic wraparound porch and pedimented front facade, the front portion underwent substantial alterations in 1947 according to plans prepared by John C. Lebey, the well-renowned Savannah, Georgia, architect who made a career of revitalizing older homes while also emphasizing and preserving their historic character. The house has remained continuously inhabited by John Lawton’s descendants since its construction, and since 1939 by his great granddaughter Lawton Clarke O’Cain, who opened her home to travelers as a bed and breakfast from 1984 to 2008. It is a delightful example of an historic small-town southern home that was transformed in an effort to preserve its vitality and usefulness as a grand home.

The John Lawton House was listed in the National Register by the National Park Service on July 1, 2009. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Conestee Mill is a large mill complex located on the shores of the Reedy River in the village of Conestee, approximately eight miles south of the city of Greenville in Greenville County, South Carolina. Mill operations began here by the 1830s under the direction of Vardry McBee, including the production of paper, wood, flour, and textiles. The present mill complex includes the replacement mill building constructed in 1884, various alterations to this building (including substantial additions in 1898 that incorporate the mill race and turbine), and a free-standing company store building built between 1913 and 1920. The mill complex remains a fascinating example of a late nineteenth-century mill operation whose architecture was repeatedly altered during the early twentieth century to keep up with increasing production demands and changes in industry technology. These architectural layers of history make the Conestee Mill an excellent example of southern Progressive Era industrial architecture worthy of inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places for its local significance.

Eric was an advisory historical consultant on this nomination, which was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on March 2, 2014.

The Hope Rosenwald School is significant for its role in African-American education and social history in South Carolina between 1925 and 1954, and as a property that embodies the distinctive features of a significant architectural type and method of schoolhouse construction popular throughout the southern United States in the early twentieth century. Like other Rosenwald schools, the Hope Rosenwald School can trace its origins to the contentious debate over the education of southern African-Americans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While the end of the American Civil War had brought about state-initiated funding and operation of some local schools for black children in the South, the policies emphasizing racial segregation during the Jim Crow era left southern blacks with few opportunities for a truly complete primary education and even fewer secondary school options. Among those who sought a method for insuring that black educational opportunities in the South might be improved was Julius Rosenwald, CEO of Sears & Roebuck and a trustee of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. At the request of Booker T. Washington, Rosenwald began a school building fund to benefit southern African-Americans, especially those in rural regions, and from 1917 to 1932, Rosenwald’s program led to the construction of more than 5300 public schools, teachers’ homes, and instructional shops in fifteen southern states, nearly 500 of which were located in South Carolina.

Listed in the National Register on October 3, 2007. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH. For more on this remarkable success story in historic preservation, see the interactive slideshow from Columbia’s The State online news source. Artifacts from this school appear in the exhibits of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History, which opened in 2016.

The Mary H. Wright Elementary School is significant for its association with the statewide struggle over racial equality in education during the 1950s and as a remarkable local example of how one community attempted to implement the state legislature’s initial response to the legal challenges brought against South Carolina’s segregated educational system. The school, constructed in 1951, was one of the first buildings constructed in the state with funds from the statewide sales tax used to finance the state’s equalization program of Governor James F. Byrnes and was cited in litigation from the period for its importance in relationship to this program. The school is also significant as an excellent example of International style institutional architecture in upstate South Carolina and as an important design work of W. Manchester Hudson and A. Hugh Chapman, Jr., prominent local architects of the mid-twentieth century. The school was named for a local Southside resident and black educator.

Listed in the National Register August 3, 2007. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

The Dantzler Plantation House is significant as an outstanding local example of mid-nineteenth-century Greek Revival architecture with various later alterations and additions designed to emulate this Greek Revival style, as well as for its significant and intriguing interior modifications that reflect the changing fortunes of its owners and the various uses of plantation architecture throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Because of the destruction wrought on such properties in Orangeburg County during the Civil War, such an intact property is rare for the county. The property is also noteworthy for its association with the Dantzler family, one of the most prominent families of Orangeburg County from the eighteenth century to the present, and it remains in family hands. The house, constructed ca. 1846-1850, is a porticoed, two-story Greek Revival raised cottage of frame construction, set on a partially enclosed, brick pier foundation. The main block of the house is unique for its remarkable depth (triple pile) in comparison to its width (only five bays wide). The two interior double chimneys and the two exterior chimneys at the rear of the main block are composed of soft brick that was made on the property and also used in the construction of the foundation.

Listed in the National Register March 1, 2007. The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH.

Segregation in Columbia was more complicated than rigid boundaries. Throughout the twentieth century, the strict separation of races was enforced in the school system, healthcare system, churches and leisure organizations, but a more fluid system of segregation appeared in other sectors of society, including the commercial arena. The duplicate structures that whites built to enforce the “separate but equal” principle, the buildings that housed alternative businesses that blacks opened to serve their own communities, and the spaces that retain vestiges of separate facilities used to keep blacks away from whites all provide physical evidence for the various and complicated forms which segregation took.

This nomination, co-authored with several preservation advocates affiliated with the Public History Program at the University of South Carolina and approved in 2005, identified 21 existing properties already listed in the National Register of Historic Places and opened the door for at least two subsequent individual property nominations.

The full text of the nomination can be found at the SCDAH.